The American Psychological Association (APA) style requires two elements:
- in-text citations throughout your assessment
- A reference list at the end
1. Throughout the text: In-text citations
Include information about a source within the text of your assessment:
- the name of the author or authors
- the year of publication
- the page number (see below for further information).
In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical and narrative. In parenthetical citations, the author name and publication date appear between parentheses, while in narrative citations, this information is included in the sentence (see the examples below).
Paraphrase of the source in your own words
Encouraging students to memorise information and then testing their memory has been a consistent criterion of pedagogy (Broudy, 1998).
Broudy (1998, p. 8) explains that memorisation does not result in an ability to solve problems.
Quotation (exact words from the source)
The case study demonstrates that “on the common criteria for schooling, our sample citizen has failed because he cannot replicate the necessary skill or apply the relevant principles” (Broudy, 1998, p. 9).
Broudy (1998, p. 9) argues that “on the common criteria for schooling, our sample citizen has failed because he cannot replicate the necessary skill or apply the relevant principles”.
Citations placed at the end of a sentence sit before the concluding punctuation .
2. At the end: References
At the end of the text, include a list of references; a single list of all the sources of information you have cited in your assessment. Begin the reference list on a new page and title it “References”. Centre the title on the page. Each entry should have a hanging indent.
Each list item requires specific bibliographic information. For example, in the case of a book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, and publisher, as found in the title pages (some details will vary).
Wolpe, A. (1988). Within school walls. Routledge.
Woods, C. & Griffiths, A. (1995). The real McCoy. Design World, 12(3), 2-13.
List each item in alphabetical order (by author surname). Titles should be in italics. All of the references included in the list must also be cited in the text.
When to include page numbers
When you quote from a source (reproduce material word for word), page numbers are required. When paraphrasing, the APA publications manual 7th edn. (p. 269) suggests it can be useful to provide page numbers, to help the reader locate the information in a long text. However, this is not an essential requirement. Check with your lecturer about their preferences on the inclusion or exclusion of page numbers for paraphrased information in your assessment.